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Nitro-Lift Technologies, L.L.C. v. Howard
133 S.Ct. 500
U.S.Okla.,2012.
November 26, 2012
PER CURIAM.
[1] 
State courts rather than federal courts are most frequently called upon to apply the Federal Arbitration Act (FAA), 9 U.S.C. § 1
et seq., including the Act's national policy favoring
arbitration. It is a matter of great importance, therefore, that state
supreme courts adhere to a correct interpretation of the legislation.
Here, the Oklahoma Supreme Court failed to do so. By declaring the
noncompetition agreements in two employment contracts null and void,
rather than leaving that determination to the arbitrator in the first
instance, the state court ignored a basic tenet of the Act's substantive
arbitration law. The decision must be vacated.
State courts rather than federal courts are most frequently called upon to apply the Federal Arbitration Act (FAA), 9 U.S.C. § 1
et seq., including the Act's national policy favoring
arbitration. It is a matter of great importance, therefore, that state
supreme courts adhere to a correct interpretation of the legislation.
Here, the Oklahoma Supreme Court failed to do so. By declaring the
noncompetition agreements in two employment contracts null and void,
rather than leaving that determination to the arbitrator in the first
instance, the state court ignored a basic tenet of the Act's substantive
arbitration law. The decision must be vacated.
This
dispute arises from a contract between petitioner Nitro–Lift
Technologies, L.L.C., and two of its former employees. Nitro–Lift
contracts with operators of oil and gas wells to provide services that
enhance production. Respondents Eddie Lee Howard and Shane D.
Schneider entered a confidentiality and noncompetition *502
agreement with Nitro–Lift that contained the following arbitration clause:
“
‘Any dispute, difference or unresolved question between Nitro–Lift and
the Employee (collectively the “Disputing Parties”) shall be settled by
arbitration by a single arbitrator mutually agreeable to the Disputing
Parties in an arbitration proceeding conducted in Houston, Texas in
accordance with the rules existing at the date hereof of the American
Arbitration Association.’ ” Pet. for Cert. 5.
After working for Nitro–Lift on wells in Oklahoma, Texas, and Arkansas, respondents quit and began working for one of Nitro–Lift's competitors. Claiming that respondents had breached their noncompetition agreements, Nitro–Lift served them with a demand for arbitration. Respondents then filed suit in the District Court of Johnston County, Oklahoma, asking the court to declare the noncompetition agreements null and void and to enjoin their enforcement. The court dismissed the complaint, finding that the contracts contained valid arbitration clauses under which an arbitrator, and not the court, must settle the parties' disagreement.
The
Oklahoma Supreme Court retained respondents' appeal and ordered the
parties to show cause why the matter should not be resolved by
application of Okla. Stat., Tit. 15, § 219A
(West 2011), which limits the enforceability of noncompetition
agreements. Nitro–Lift argued that any dispute as to the contracts'
enforceability was a question for the arbitrator. It relied for
support—as it had done before the trial court—upon several of this
Court's cases interpreting the FAA, and noted that under
Buckeye Check Cashing, Inc. v. Cardegna, 546 U.S. 440, 446, 126 S.Ct. 1204, 163 L.Ed.2d 1038 (2006), “this arbitration law applies in both state and federal courts.” Record in No. 109, 003 (Okla.), p. 273.
The
Oklahoma Supreme Court was not persuaded. It held that despite the
“[U.S.] Supreme Court cases on which the employers rely,” the “existence
of an arbitration agreement in an employment contract does not prohibit
judicial review of the underlying agreement.” 2011 OK 98, ¶ 15, n. 20, ¶ 16, 273 P.3d 20, 26, n. 20, 27.
For that proposition, the court relied on the “exhaustive overview of
the United States Supreme Court decisions construing the Federal
Arbitration Act” in
Bruner v. Timberlane Manor Ltd. Partnership, 2006 OK 90, 155 P.3d 16, which found Supreme Court jurisprudence “not to inhibit our review of the underlying contract's validity.” 273 P.3d, at 26.
Finding the arbitration clauses no obstacle to its review, the court
held that the noncompetition agreements were “void and unenforceable as
against Oklahoma's public policy,” expressed in Okla. Stat., Tit. 15, § 219A. 273 P.3d, at 27.
[2] [3] The Oklahoma Supreme Court declared that its decision rests on adequate and independent state grounds.
Id., at 23–24, n. 5. If that were so, we would have no jurisdiction over this case. See
Michigan v. Long, 463 U.S. 1032, 1037–1044, 103 S.Ct. 3469, 77 L.Ed.2d 1201 (1983).
It is not so, however, because the court's reliance on Oklahoma law
was not “independent”—it necessarily depended upon a rejection of the
federal claim, which was both “ ‘properly presented to’ ” and “
‘addressed by’ ” the state court.
Howell v. Mississippi, 543 U.S. 440, 443, 125 S.Ct. 856, 160 L.Ed.2d 873 (2005) (
per curiam ) (quoting
Adams v. Robertson, 520 U.S. 83, 86, 117 S.Ct. 1028, 137 L.Ed.2d 203 (1997) (
per curiam )). Nitro–Lift claimed that the arbitrator should
decide the contract's validity, and raised a federal-law basis for that
claim by relying on Supreme Court *503
cases construing
the FAA. “ ‘[A] litigant wishing to raise a federal issue can easily
indicate the federal law basis for his claim in a state-court petition
or brief ... by citing in conjunction with the claim the federal source
of law on which he relies
or a case deciding such a claim on federal grounds ....’ ”
Howell,
supra, at 444, 125 S.Ct. 856 (quoting
Baldwin v. Reese, 541 U.S. 27, 32, 124 S.Ct. 1347, 158 L.Ed.2d 64 (2004);
emphasis added). The Oklahoma Supreme Court acknowledged the cases
on which Nitro–Lift relied, as well as their relevant holdings, but
chose to discount these controlling decisions. Its conclusion that,
despite this Court's jurisprudence, the underlying contract's validity
is purely a matter of state law for state-court determination is all the
more reason for this Court to assert jurisdiction.
[3] The Oklahoma Supreme Court declared that its decision rests on adequate and independent state grounds.
Id., at 23–24, n. 5. If that were so, we would have no jurisdiction over this case. See
Michigan v. Long, 463 U.S. 1032, 1037–1044, 103 S.Ct. 3469, 77 L.Ed.2d 1201 (1983).
It is not so, however, because the court's reliance on Oklahoma law
was not “independent”—it necessarily depended upon a rejection of the
federal claim, which was both “ ‘properly presented to’ ” and “
‘addressed by’ ” the state court.
Howell v. Mississippi, 543 U.S. 440, 443, 125 S.Ct. 856, 160 L.Ed.2d 873 (2005) (
per curiam ) (quoting
Adams v. Robertson, 520 U.S. 83, 86, 117 S.Ct. 1028, 137 L.Ed.2d 203 (1997) (
per curiam )). Nitro–Lift claimed that the arbitrator should
decide the contract's validity, and raised a federal-law basis for that
claim by relying on Supreme Court *503
cases construing
the FAA. “ ‘[A] litigant wishing to raise a federal issue can easily
indicate the federal law basis for his claim in a state-court petition
or brief ... by citing in conjunction with the claim the federal source
of law on which he relies
or a case deciding such a claim on federal grounds ....’ ”
Howell,
supra, at 444, 125 S.Ct. 856 (quoting
Baldwin v. Reese, 541 U.S. 27, 32, 124 S.Ct. 1347, 158 L.Ed.2d 64 (2004);
emphasis added). The Oklahoma Supreme Court acknowledged the cases
on which Nitro–Lift relied, as well as their relevant holdings, but
chose to discount these controlling decisions. Its conclusion that,
despite this Court's jurisprudence, the underlying contract's validity
is purely a matter of state law for state-court determination is all the
more reason for this Court to assert jurisdiction.
[4] [5] [6] [7] [8]
The Oklahoma Supreme Court's decision disregards this Court's
precedents on the FAA. That Act, which “declare[s] a national policy
favoring arbitration,”
Southland Corp. v. Keating, 465 U.S. 1, 10, 104 S.Ct. 852, 79 L.Ed.2d 1 (1984),
provides that a “written provision in ... a contract evidencing a
transaction involving commerce to settle by arbitration a controversy
thereafter arising out of such contract or transaction ... shall be
valid, irrevocable, and enforceable, save upon such grounds as exist at
law or in equity for the revocation of any contract.” 9 U.S.C. § 2. It is well settled that “the substantive law the Act created [is] applicable in state and federal courts.”
Southland Corp.,
supra, at 12, 104 S.Ct. 852; see also
Buckeye, supra, at 446, 126 S.Ct. 1204. And when parties
commit to arbitrate contractual disputes, it is a mainstay of the Act's
substantive law that attacks on the validity of the contract, as
distinct from attacks on the validity of the arbitration clause itself,
are to be resolved “by the arbitrator in the first instance, not by a
federal or state court.”
Preston v. Ferrer, 552 U.S. 346, 349, 128 S.Ct. 978, 169 L.Ed.2d 917 (2008); see also
Prima Paint Corp. v. Flood & Conklin Mfg. Co., 388 U.S. 395, 87 S.Ct. 1801, 18 L.Ed.2d 1270 (1967). For these purposes, an “arbitration provision is severable from the remainder of the contract,”
Buckeye, supra, at 445, 126 S.Ct. 1204, and its validity is
subject to initial court determination; but the validity of the
remainder of the contract (if the arbitration provision is valid) is for
the arbitrator to decide.
[5] [6] [7] [8]
The Oklahoma Supreme Court's decision disregards this Court's
precedents on the FAA. That Act, which “declare[s] a national policy
favoring arbitration,”
Southland Corp. v. Keating, 465 U.S. 1, 10, 104 S.Ct. 852, 79 L.Ed.2d 1 (1984),
provides that a “written provision in ... a contract evidencing a
transaction involving commerce to settle by arbitration a controversy
thereafter arising out of such contract or transaction ... shall be
valid, irrevocable, and enforceable, save upon such grounds as exist at
law or in equity for the revocation of any contract.” 9 U.S.C. § 2. It is well settled that “the substantive law the Act created [is] applicable in state and federal courts.”
Southland Corp.,
supra, at 12, 104 S.Ct. 852; see also
Buckeye, supra, at 446, 126 S.Ct. 1204. And when parties
commit to arbitrate contractual disputes, it is a mainstay of the Act's
substantive law that attacks on the validity of the contract, as
distinct from attacks on the validity of the arbitration clause itself,
are to be resolved “by the arbitrator in the first instance, not by a
federal or state court.”
Preston v. Ferrer, 552 U.S. 346, 349, 128 S.Ct. 978, 169 L.Ed.2d 917 (2008); see also
Prima Paint Corp. v. Flood & Conklin Mfg. Co., 388 U.S. 395, 87 S.Ct. 1801, 18 L.Ed.2d 1270 (1967). For these purposes, an “arbitration provision is severable from the remainder of the contract,”
Buckeye, supra, at 445, 126 S.Ct. 1204, and its validity is
subject to initial court determination; but the validity of the
remainder of the contract (if the arbitration provision is valid) is for
the arbitrator to decide.
[9] [10]
This principle requires that the decision below be vacated. The trial
court found that the contract contained a valid arbitration clause, and
the Oklahoma Supreme Court did not hold otherwise. It nonetheless
assumed the arbitrator's role by declaring the noncompetition agreements
null and void. The state court insisted that its “[own] jurisprudence
controls this issue” and permits review of a “contract submitted to
arbitration where one party assert [s] that the underlying agreement
[is] void and unenforceable.” 273 P.3d, at 26. But the Oklahoma Supreme Court must abide by the FAA, which is “the supreme Law of the Land,” U.S. Const., Art. VI, cl. 2,
and by the opinions of this Court interpreting that law. “It is this
Court's responsibility to say what a statute means, and once the Court
has spoken, it is the duty of other courts to respect that understanding
of the governing rule of law.”
Rivers v. Roadway Express, Inc., 511 U.S. 298, 312, 114 S.Ct. 1510, 128 L.Ed.2d 274 (1994). Our cases hold that the FAA forecloses precisely this type of “judicial hostility towards arbitration.”
AT & T Mobility LLC v. Concepcion, 563 U.S. ––––, ––––, 131 S.Ct. 1740, 1747, 179 L.Ed.2d 742 (2011).
[10]
This principle requires that the decision below be vacated. The trial
court found that the contract contained a valid arbitration clause, and
the Oklahoma Supreme Court did not hold otherwise. It nonetheless
assumed the arbitrator's role by declaring the noncompetition agreements
null and void. The state court insisted that its “[own] jurisprudence
controls this issue” and permits review of a “contract submitted to
arbitration where one party assert [s] that the underlying agreement
[is] void and unenforceable.” 273 P.3d, at 26. But the Oklahoma Supreme Court must abide by the FAA, which is “the supreme Law of the Land,” U.S. Const., Art. VI, cl. 2,
and by the opinions of this Court interpreting that law. “It is this
Court's responsibility to say what a statute means, and once the Court
has spoken, it is the duty of other courts to respect that understanding
of the governing rule of law.”
Rivers v. Roadway Express, Inc., 511 U.S. 298, 312, 114 S.Ct. 1510, 128 L.Ed.2d 274 (1994). Our cases hold that the FAA forecloses precisely this type of “judicial hostility towards arbitration.”
AT & T Mobility LLC v. Concepcion, 563 U.S. ––––, ––––, 131 S.Ct. 1740, 1747, 179 L.Ed.2d 742 (2011).
[11] [12] [13] The state court reasoned that Oklahoma's statute “addressing the validity of covenants not to compete, must govern*504
over the more general statute favoring arbitration.” 273 P.3d, at 26, n. 21. But the ancient interpretive principle that the specific governs the general (
generalia specialibus non derogant ) applies only to conflict
between laws of equivalent dignity. Where a specific statute, for
example, conflicts with a general constitutional provision, the latter
governs. And the same is true where a specific state statute conflicts
with a general federal statute. There is no general-specific
exception to the Supremacy Clause, U.S. Const. Art. VI, cl. 2.
“ ‘[W]hen state law prohibits outright the arbitration of a particular
type of claim, the analysis is straightforward: The conflicting rule is
displaced by the FAA.’ ”
Marmet Health Care Center, Inc. v. Brown, 565 U.S. ––––, –––– – ––––, 132 S.Ct. 1201, 1203, 182 L.Ed.2d 42 (2012) (
per curiam ) (quoting
AT & T Mobility LLC, supra, at –––– – ––––, 131 S.Ct., at 1747).
Hence, it is for the arbitrator to decide in the first instance
whether the covenants not to compete are valid as a matter of applicable
state law. See
Buckeye, 546 U.S., at 445–446, 126 S.Ct. 1204.
[12] [13] The state court reasoned that Oklahoma's statute “addressing the validity of covenants not to compete, must govern*504
over the more general statute favoring arbitration.” 273 P.3d, at 26, n. 21. But the ancient interpretive principle that the specific governs the general (
generalia specialibus non derogant ) applies only to conflict
between laws of equivalent dignity. Where a specific statute, for
example, conflicts with a general constitutional provision, the latter
governs. And the same is true where a specific state statute conflicts
with a general federal statute. There is no general-specific
exception to the Supremacy Clause, U.S. Const. Art. VI, cl. 2.
“ ‘[W]hen state law prohibits outright the arbitration of a particular
type of claim, the analysis is straightforward: The conflicting rule is
displaced by the FAA.’ ”
Marmet Health Care Center, Inc. v. Brown, 565 U.S. ––––, –––– – ––––, 132 S.Ct. 1201, 1203, 182 L.Ed.2d 42 (2012) (
per curiam ) (quoting
AT & T Mobility LLC, supra, at –––– – ––––, 131 S.Ct., at 1747).
Hence, it is for the arbitrator to decide in the first instance
whether the covenants not to compete are valid as a matter of applicable
state law. See
Buckeye, 546 U.S., at 445–446, 126 S.Ct. 1204.
For
the foregoing reasons, the petition for certiorari is granted. The
judgment of the Supreme Court of Oklahoma is vacated, and the case is
remanded for proceedings not inconsistent with this opinion.
U.S.Okla.,2012.
Nitro–Lift Technologies, L.L.C. v. Howard
133 S.Ct. 500, 81 USLW 3281, 81 USLW 3286, 81 USLW 4011, 34 IER Cases 961, 12 Cal. Daily Op. Serv. 12,919, 2012 Daily Journal D.A.R. 15,843
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