Prochlorococcus: Gaia's way of balancing man's depredations?

Although there had been several earlier records of very small chlorophyll-b-containing cyanobacteria in the ocean,[1][2] Prochlorococcus was actually discovered in 1986[3] by Sallie W. (Penny) Chisholm of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Robert J. Olson of the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, and other collaborators in the Sargasso Sea using flow cytometry. The first culture of Prochlorococcus was isolated in the Sargasso Sea in 1988 (strain SS120) and shortly another strain was obtained from the Mediterranean Sea (strain MED). The name Prochlorococcus[4] originated from the fact it was originally assumed that Prochlorococcus was related to Prochloron and other chlorophyll b containing bacteria, called prochlorophytes, but it is now known that prochlorophytes form several separate phylogenetic groups within the cyanobacteria subgroup of the bacteria kingdom.



Marine cyanobacteria are to date the smallest known photosynthetic organisms: Prochlorococcus is the smallest at just 0.5 to 0.8 micrometres across. It has a genome of roughly 2,000 genes in contrast to eukaryotic algae that have ones containing over 10,000 genes.[5] Possibly they are also the most plentiful species on Earth: a single millilitre of surface seawater may contain 100,000 cells or more. Worldwide, there are estimated to be several octillion (~1027) individuals.[6] Prochlorococcus is ubiquitous between 40°N and 40°S and dominates in the oligotrophic (nutrient poor) regions of the oceans.[7] The bacterium accounts for an estimated 20% of the oxygen in the Earth's atmosphere, and forms part of the base of the ocean food chain.[8]



The light harvesting pigment complement of Prochlorococcus is unique, consisting predominantly of divinyl derivatives of chlorophyll a (Chl a2) and b (Chl b2) and lacking monovinyl chlorophylls. Prochlorococcus occupies two distinct niches, leading to the nomenclature of the low light (LL) and high light (HL) groups,[9] which vary in pigment ratios (LL possess a high ration of chlorophyll b2: a2 and HL low b2: a2), light requirements, nitrogen and phosphorus utilization, copper and virus sensitivity. These "ecotypes" can be differentiated on the basis of the sequence of their ribosomal RNA gene. Recently the genomes of several strains of Prochlorococcus have been sequenced.

More: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prochorococcus



Simon Winchester in his newest book, ATLANTIC," suggests that, as global warming heats up the seas, this tiny, one-celled animal, which was unknown until a quarter century ago, will expand it range and balance the increased carbon dioxide with increased amounts of oxygen. Prochlorococcus apparently thrives in the warmer parts of the Atlantic and likely will expand its range if the seas get warmed to the north and south of the huge band that it now inhabits.





This phenomenon would, he adds, seem to suggest that the theory of Gaia --- Earth as a single living organism that meets crises and regains its balance --- holds water.